土木工程专业外文翻译

外文原文

roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraper

Along with the speeding of town house construction step, not a few areas with small residences set up one after another, many inhabitants move continuously into the new residence, their quality to housing request is more and more high, particularly pay attention to very much to some cracks circumstances which sprinkle building plank to appear now, worry these cracks' aring end will cause insecurity trouble, but in succession to building quality direct the section hurl tell.

Such as once the some city develop a company to set up 6 layers of floor residence 16 totally, constructing area about 100,000 square meters, the brick mixs structure, the beginning repairs, one steps 2 box off with the brick wall, each one's establishing a turn of beam together building plank is togetherwhole to sprinkle, the plank thick 100 mms, concrete mark number is C20, house long about with 80-90 ms, don't establish flexible sew, first floor is the 2.2 m garage layer, the C20 reinforcing bar cage of the foundation adoption infuses to note a stake.It's small area's turn to complete work in October,2003, finishing construction acceptance, didn't discover obvious crack, discover the building plank appears crack when the inhabitant repair, past jointly to quality direct the section hurl tell, through step to see on the spot, 16 houses all exist the depth different crack.The crack width is between the 0.2 mms mms-0.4ses, the great majority of the crack position is placed in plank four Capes, the dynasty sun is more obvious.Hence, the Superintendent office of quality concerned, sinking to decline quantity and inclination degree to carry on a reexamination to the house first, result all in allow the scope, again look into construction diagram paper to also match to request concerning the norm.Owing to above-mentioned circumstance, pass by hard analytical, the confirmation crack reason has the following what time:

1, cause now main reason of sprinkling the plank crack is the constringency of concrete, the concrete is in the nature the hardening the process, because water evaporates continuously, but the physical volume gradual constringency, but the plank is on all sides to be subjected to a stipulation of, can't flex freely, so when the constringency of concrete cause to sprinkle knothole stipulation now should the dint exceed certain limit, certanly will cause to sprinkle plank to open crack now.And the crack part take place much at should the dint more concentrated Cape in the place-plank, but is mutually perpendicular with the Overcast angle line of wall

2, construct too early on the cast-in-place board , add and carry on one's shoulder or back the crack caused. " norm of inspection of quality of structural construction of concrete " stipulates , before the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2, can't trample or install template and support on it . But developer , for race against time , catch up with progress , or concrete at , congeal and congeal stage after all for the first time still in water at the good cast-in-place board just, take up the post of purpose to trample, carry the material , concentrate on piling up fragment of brick , mortar , template ,etc.. Premature adding and is carried on one's shoulder or back, has caused the crack of cast-in-place board artificially.

3, the crack which the temperature change causes. As everybody knows, the cement condenses and hardens fast at room temperature, the characteristic such as being great of heat of hydration, especially in summer, after the concrete is built, the release amount of the heat of hydration is great, the concrete is under the high temperature, can't get and water maintenance in time , and desiccate and shrink, make concrete take place dry to split , result in fracturing finally. Investigation find in the majority board corner crack in , tan by the sun towards the front directly the sun.

4, the house is crossed too long to set up the essential expansion joint , is the reason which causes the crack too. The developer is in order to save the land, often take the length of the house into account , make the house whole too long, set up expansion joint either, because of lack essential expansion joint, freedom flexible degree in house reach or exceed should set up interval that expansion joint require ,, will present the crack too.

5, the board is defeated by the muscle and sunk in the crack produced . In the course of constructing, because constructors operate barbarously, trample the reinforcing bar arbitrarily , cause and shoulder the muscle and sink, the antiabrasion layer is too big, reduce the sectional effective height of the board, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board.

Effective height, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board. How to prevent and cure the production of the board crack of cast-in-place board, according to the construction experience for many years, offer some following prevention measures, suitable for consulting :

1, Do well cast-in-place board maintain , work , guarantee concrete intensity , prevent and cure important link that crack produce one of conscientiously. The norm stipulates , must cover and keep maintenance warm in 12 hours after the concrete is built at room temperature, ordinary cement is no less than 7 days, if the one that ignored to concrete watered maintenance, on one hand it reduce concrete intensity, on the other hand it make concrete to be in the course of hardening too late to supplement the moisture, therefore lack water and produce the crack in a large amount. So do a good job of watering maintenance of concrete , can already reduce the crack that temperature produces , can also reduce the crack that the concrete shrink and produce .

2, cast-in-place board don't pass morning people , pile material , He Shi load , because concrete have a sclerosis course build ,, just have intensity; In this course , should maintain the concrete , can't exert any external force to the concrete . In a situation that the concrete has not had certain intensity yet , concentrate on , pile up construction material or prop up mould stand , rest on it, that brought the cast-in-place board is not intensity like this, but more cracks. So, must make sure that just allow to trample or install template and support on it after the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2.

3, shoulder thickness of antiabrasion layer of the muscle the strict control panel . Cast-in-place board shoulder muscle put , on board , have roof beam according to designing requirement through generally put on reinforcing bar of roof beam or stay with reinforcing bar lashing of roof beam cut off ,. For control good to shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer thickness , must adopt Φ10 - Φ14 reinforcing bar horse stool, vertical-horizontal interval 800mm come fixed position to shoulder muscle from side to side, and with electric welding horse with shoulder muscle weld firm stool, make horse to be stool while the concrete builds non-wiping, guarantee , shoulder muscle sink, control , shoulder muscle thickness of antiabrasion layer effectively , make board shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer cross thick producing cracking.

4, control good sand , stone in a foot-path and mud content strictly. The thick sand in the cast-in-place board should be selected for use, a stone of foot-path between 0.25-0.5mm, the mud content of grit can't exceed 1% . Sand,, stone grains of foot-path careful and too light, mud content too big, will reduce concrete intensity, will make the concrete produce the crack finally.

5, dispose certain amounts of angle muscles in four corners of the board , radiate the muscle . Take place in board corner phenomenon this more to cast-in-place board crack, corner set up Φ all around in boardThe length radiates the muscle for about 1800mm, so as to meet demands of angle stress of the board, the stress sphere of action of making the cast-in-place board produce the crack conforms with radiation muscle, thus change and control the production of the crack effectively

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein

Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.

Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.

1、 steel mechanical link

1.1 radial squeeze link

Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment squeeze tongs along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked

Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.

Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar including welding bad reinforcing bar with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .

must squeeze link

Extruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.

Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.

Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ , Ⅲ grade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.

1.3 cone thread connecting

Using cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.

Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.

Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.

conclusions

These are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.

References

1 、construction manual write the group. Construction manual. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 1992.

2 、JGJ107-96 reinforcing bar machinery connects the common technical regulation 3 GB 1499-91 The armored concrete uses the reinforcing bar.

4 、GB with ribbing of hot rolling 13013-91 The armored concrete uses the round reinforcing bar of hot calendaring.

中文译文

现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治

钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。因此，推广应用先进的钢筋连接技术，对于提高工程质量、加快施工速度、提高劳动生产率、降低成本，具有十分重要的意义。钢筋连接技术可分为钢筋焊接和钢筋机械连接两大类。钢筋焊接有6种焊接方法，有的适用于预制厂，有的适用于现场施工，有的两者都适用。钢筋机械连接常用有3种方法，主要适用于现场施工。各种方法有其自身特点和不同的适用范围，并在不断发展和改进。在实际生产中，应根据具体的工作条件、工作环境和技术要求，选用合适的方法以期达到最佳的综合效益。钢筋机械连接

　径向挤压连接

将一个钢套筒套在两根带肋钢筋的端部，用超高压液压设备（挤压钳）沿钢套筒径向挤压钢套管，在挤压钳挤压力作用下，钢套筒产生塑性变形与钢筋紧密结合，通过钢套筒与钢筋横肋的咬合，将两根钢筋牢固连接在一起。特点：接头强度高，性能可靠，能够承受高应力反复拉压载荷及疲劳载荷。操作简便、施工速度快、节约能源和材料、综合经济效益好，该方法已在工程中大量应用。适用范围：适用于Ф18～50mm的、、级带肋钢筋（包括焊接性差的钢筋），相同直径或不同直径钢筋之间的连接。　轴向挤压连接

将两钢筋安放成对接形式，利用焊接电流通过两钢筋接触点产生塑性区及均匀的液体金属层，迅速施加顶锻力完成的一种压焊方法。特点：操作简单、速度快、无明火作业、可全天候施工，节约大量钢筋和能源。适用范围：适用于按一、二级抗震设防要求的钢筋混凝土结构中Ф20～32mm的、级热轧带肋钢筋现场连接施工。　锥螺纹连接

　利用锥螺纹能承受拉、压两种作用力及自锁性、密封性好的原理，将钢筋的连接端加工成锥螺纹，按规定的力矩值把钢筋连接成一体的接头。利用锥螺纹能承受拉、压两种作用力及自锁性、密封性好的原理，将钢筋的连接端加工成锥螺纹，按规定的力矩值把钢筋连接成一体的接头。特点：工艺简单可以预加工连接速度快同心度好，不受钢筋含碳量和有无花纹限制等优点。适用范围：适用于工业与民用建筑及一般构筑物的混凝土结构中，钢筋直径为Ф16～40mm的、级竖向、斜向或水平钢筋的现场连接施工。以上是对现今常用的钢筋连接方法的综述，这些连接技术在美国、英国、日本等国家均得到广泛应用。不同的连接方法有其不同的特点和适用范围，在实际施工生产中需视具体工程情况选择合适的连接方法，以达到既节约能源又节省工期的目的。

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土木工程专业外文翻译