托福阅读TPO33原文 答案解析 译文

发布时间：2023-04-12 19:06:17

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托福阅读TPO33原文+答案解析+译文摘要：网上有关托福阅读TPO的资料有不少，但是不一定会适合你，原因是那些个内容可能里面只有有关和题目，甚至有的题目都没有，更别说答案解析的，为了弥补这一不足，小编特备来为大家分享一下自己整理的这一套资料，需要的不要吝啬，猛戳下载哦！托福阅读TPO33原文+答案解析+译文：TPO33-1-1TheFirstCivilizationsEvidencesuggeststhatanimportantstimulusbehindtheriseofearlycivilizationswasthedevelopmentofsettledagriculture,whichunleashedaseriesofchangesintheorganizationofhumancommunitiesthatculminatedintheriseoflargeancientempires.Theexacttimeandplacethatcropswerefirstcultivatedsuccessfullyisuncertain.Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmallcommunities,drivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.Thefirstfarmers,whomayhavelivedaslongas10,000yearsago,undoubtedlyusedsimpletechniquesandstillreliedprimarilyonotherformsoffoodproduction,suchashunting,foraging,orpastoralism.Therealbreakthroughtookplacewhenfarmersbegantocultivatecropsalongthefloodplainsofriversystems.Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenotasdependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalbenefitwasthatthesedimentcarriedbytheriverwatersdepositednutrientsinthesoil,thusenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanewlocation.Thus,thefirsttrulysedentary(thatis,nonmigratorysocietieswereborn.Astimewenton,suchcommunitiesgraduallylearnedhowtodirecttheflowofwatertoenhancetheproductivecapacityoftheland,whiletheintroductionoftheironploweventuallyledtothecultivationofheavysoilsnotpreviouslysusceptibletoagriculture.ThespreadofthisrivervalleyagricultureinvariouspartsofAsiaandAfricawasthedecisivefactorintheriseofthefirstcivilizations.Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregionsledtoasignificantgrowthinpopulation,whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwatertomaximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareasandtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunityprovokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.ThefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirstcivilizationstookplaceinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina.Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain,butanthropologistsstudyingtheevolutionofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalents,thesepeoplegraduallyemergeastheleadersofthatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassonthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus,andtheiralliesandfamilymembersaretransformedintoahereditarymonarchy.Theappearanceofthesesedentarysocietieshadamajorimpactonthesocialorganizations,religiousbeliefs,andwayoflifeofthepeopleslivingwithintheirboundaries.¢Withtheincreaseinpopulationandthedevelopmentof
centralizedauthoritycametheemergenceofthecities.¢Whilesomeoftheseurbancenterswereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.¢Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedtosatisfythegrowingneedforsocialservicesandconsumergoods.¢Somepeoplebecameartisansormerchants,whileothersbecamewarriors,scholars,orpriests.Insomecases,thephysicaldivisionwithinthefirstcitiesreflectedthestricthierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,witharoyalpalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.Inotherinstances,suchastheIndusRiverValley,thecitieslackedaroyalprecinctandtheostentatiouspalacesthatmarkedtheircontemporarieselsewhere.1.Thephrase“culminatedin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAreachedahighpointwithBlogicallyfollowedfromCpartlycontributedtoDmarked2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofearlyfarmers?ATheyusedfarmingtosupplementotherfoodsources.BTheyweredrivenoutofsmallcommunities.CTheywerevictimsofflooding.DTheyfarmedseveralplotsoflandatonce.3.Theword“undoubtedly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAincreasinglyBcertainlyCingeneralDapparently4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatareTWOreasonswhyfarmerschoserivervalleysforcultivation?ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswerchoices.AThesoilsinrivervalleyswererichinnutrients.BThecropsgrowninrivervalleyswerenotcompletelydependentonrainwater.

托福阅读TPO33原文 答案解析 译文

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