Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry

I. Comprehension.

1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry

2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.

3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?

4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 “elements” whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.

5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment D

D.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into another

II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.

1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.

2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.

3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.

4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.

5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.

6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.

III. Translation.

1. (a)化学过程； (b)自然科学； （c）蒸馏技术

(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation

2. 正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and so on.

3. 化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前

Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.

4. 根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体

According to the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.

5. 在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质

You must make sure the properties of the material before you use it.

IV. Translation

化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

Unit 4 Dinking Water Quality And Health

1.The uniqueness of the compound’s structure is A. necessary to learning its synthesis and its application.

2.The structure B. conversation of this molecule leads to its various usage

3.There is a wide range of compounds at trace levels that cannot be thoroughly D. eliminated from the water

4.What’s the main idea of this text? D

D.Water carries many chemical components that result in various diseases

5.What happens when people are exposed to low concentrations of chemical constituents? C

C.They will be sick over a long time, sometimes a lifelong time

6.What kind of evidence shows that chemicals in drinking effect human health? C

C.Though no clear evidence, there are really some precautions for it

7.Which organization does the European Union is preferred to follow its legislation on minimum drinking water quality? A.W.H.O

8.What’s the reason that led is still a danger to man’s health? D

D.Although lead is seldom used now, there still exist many older lead properties in use

9.There is no evidence that nitrate-contained water will cause gastric cancer, because A

A.the increase in nitrate level sometime result to a decrease in gastric cancer rates

1.Some chemicals are accumulated in the bodies of certain organisms, concentrations of them reflecting environmental pollution levels over time

2.Nonyl-phenols were suspected of stimulating vitellogenin production in the trout

3.Clearly, some chemical in the effluent was behaving like a female hormone and the fish provided an early warning of a potential problem requiring urgent investigation

4.This compound is normally produces in the liver of female fish in response to the hormone oestradiol and is incorporated into the yolk of developing eggs

5.The amount of change in the community will be related to the severity of the incident

6.the definition of pollution given above includes the adverse effects on living resources and ecological systems so that impacts need quantifying

7.The measured quantities can then be compared with standards of allowable concentrations

8.Water pollution can be defined as the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference in/with legitimate uses of the environment

9.How people design computer game is beyond me

10.Anyone with an annual income of under 5000 may be eligible to apply

1.饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的

The case of water poisoning is sometimes shocking

2.生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量

Biological oxygen demand is defined with 1L water reducing agent in the role of the oxygen required quality

3.人体中大部分的水是喝进去的，但是相当一部分来自食物，还有相当一部分水是人体对食物中的氢原子进行氧化时生成的

The body most of the water is to drink it, but rather part from food, there is a considerable portion of water is the body of the food in the hydrogen oxidation is generated when the

4.但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到的后果的有害物质

However it should be soberly aware of even the most advanced detection methods also have the potential to be let off some will produce new beat all the consequences of hazardous substance

5.这种疾病称为正铁血红蛋白症，是婴儿紫绀综合征的病因之一——婴儿的水分和氧气需要量很大，而由于亚硝酸盐的存在，他们的血红蛋白值却很低

The disease known as methemoglobinemia disease, is one of the causes of bluebaby syndrome-- baby moisture and oxygen in great demand, and as a result of nitrite presence, their hemoglobin value is very low

一个主要来源的有机污染废水的污水处理工程。在英国，这种废水是，作为最低要求，满足了皇家委员会的标准，允许不超过30毫克/升的悬浮物和20毫克/升的生化需氧量（一个30:20污水稀释）。至少八体积的水，具有生化需氧量不超过2毫克/升，是要达到这个标准。不幸的是，设计能力的许多污水处理厂以下的人口现在他们的服务。这可能导致慢性河流的污染或造成定期刷新水质差，破坏水生群落。在大多数发展中国家的世界少有，或是没有，污水处理设施和粪便污染的水的结果在许多寄生感染和水性疾病如痢疾，霍乱和脊髓灰质炎。受污染的水供应仍然造成了每年超过二百万人死亡和无数的疾病。

Unit 5 The Periodic Table

1.From the first paragraph, we can get information about the periodic table except C

C.the periodic table records how many neutrons in the atoms directly

2.We can infer from the passage that periodic table A

A.is first presented by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

3.According to the passage, which is true among the following sentences? B

B.Mendeleev had made many valuable predictions of the undiscovered elements

4.From Mendeleev’s periodic table, we can conclude that A

A.the elements’ arrangement brought to light the periodicity of chemical properties

5.Which sentence best states the modern periodic table? C

C.The size of atoms and the activity of electrons can be predicted with the number of the element’s period

6.Owing to their electron structure, the noble gases have some special character’s as B

B.because of their stability, the noble gases don’t undergo reactions and all exist in monatomic states

7.The noble gases share a similarity in certain properties. For example C

C.All of the noble gases are unreactive in chemical reactions readily

Certain groupings of elements in the periodic table are designated by special names. The heavy, stepped, diagonal line on the table divides the elements into two major classed. Those to the left of the line are called metals, and those to the right, nonmetal. GroupⅠA elements are known as alkali metals; GroupⅡA are alkaline earth metals; Group Ⅶ A, halogens. Group Ⅵ A elements are known as the chalcogens. The group at the extreme right of the table contains the noble gases. All the Group B elements are called transition metals.

1.除汞外所有的金属在室温下均为固体，而且它们的原子排列的很有规则，通常彼此靠的很紧，以便占有最小的空间

In addition to mercury all metals are solid at room temperature, and the arrangement of the atoms are rules rely on each other, usually very tight, so as to occupy a minimum of space

2. 直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产

Until around 1854, aluminium began on an industrial scale production

3. 这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。

The two elements not only in room temperature on photosynthesis, even at high temperatures without obvious reaction

4. 二者都是无色气体，但像所有气体一样可以液化。

Two is a colorless gas, but like all the same gas can be liquefied

5. 这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难。

The two compounds separation even if not impossible, it is very difficult

Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances

I. Comprehension

1.chemical nomenclature can indicate A

A.the elements which are present in the substance

2.Which of the following sentence is not true? B

B.when an element can from a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite

3.The formulas of oxoacids are derived from C

C.the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions

4.Binary molecular compound C

C.consists of two kinds of elements

5.in nomenclature, the prefix of –per means B

B.the oxyanion has one more oxygen than corresponding ion which has the suffix ate-

II. Give the systematic name for the following

ammonium ion ; copper() ion ; strontium ion;

Ccopper() ion; iron() ion; zinc ion;

hydrogen ion; lead(() ion; aluminum;

silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium() ion;

Barium ; Manganese() ion; iron() ion;

calcium ion; mercury() ion;

chromium() ion; tin() ion.

carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;

carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;

sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide

arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;

arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;

phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;

phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;

carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;

chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;

dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;

oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;

sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;

sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.

III. Complete the table.

IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.

V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.

1.Only the outermost or valence electron energy level is altered when ionic compounds are formed from atoms

2.To illustrate these change for sodium and chlorine we can draw modified Bohr diagrams for the atoms and ions involved

3.The chemical formula for the compound sodium chloride is NaCl. This formula indicates that in the compound there is one sodium ion for each chloride ion

4.We should expect that bonds in water to be polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

5.If the atoms in the water molecule were in a straight row ( that is, in a linear arrangement, ) the two polar bonds would cancel one another out

6.Instead of having one end of the molecule positive and the other end negative, the electrons are pulled toward the right in one bond and toward the left in the other

7.Many of the properties of compounds, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility, depend on the polarity of the molecules of the compound

8.Most of the ionic compounds that we have just named are also referred to as salts

9.A salt is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a cation with an anion

10.Most of the compounds that we have discussed so far are ionic compounds, which constitute a significant portion of the “hard” part of nature

VI. Translation

1. 物质既不能创造亦不能消灭

Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.

2. 科学家必须知道怎么运用数字以求得对问题的准确解释

It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.

3. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的

Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.

4. 试验是成功，它的结果正如我们预期的一样

The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected.

5. 我们不久就会完成这个试验

It will not be long before we finish the experiment.

Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

I. Comprehension

1.The IUPAC system is also known as Geneva system because the first meetings of IUPAC system were held in C. Geneva, Switzerland

2.According to the second paragraph, the first four prefixes listed in Table 10.1 were

A.chosen by the IUPAC because they were well establish in

B.established before there were the language of organic chemistry

C.established by organic chemists

3.If there are two or more different substituents when listing them in alphabetical order, we can not ignore B. the prefixes iso- and neo-

4.Despite the precision of IUPAC system, routine communication in organic chemistry still relies on A.Trival names B.semisystematic names C.systematic names

5.The name assigned to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consist of B. two parts

6.The infix of the name of any compound tells A

A.the number of carbon atom in the parent chain

II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system

III. Draw structures for the following compounds.

IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.

1.Alkynes react primarily by A.addition

2.The structure represents: A. cyclopropene

3.Which of the following is an alkene? B.C6H12

4.How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene C.3

Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

I. Comprehension

1.In the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the alcohol, B

B. –OH from the carboxylic acid and –H from the alcohol forms water

2.The author believes that the acid halide can be formed B

B.by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride

3.The anhydride derived from two molecules of phosphoric is a strong acid, C

C.because it is completely ionized at pH7.0

4.Halides react readily with water to form with phenols to form and ammonia to form D. Carboxylic acid/esters/amides

5.In A. Hydrolysis reaction, an anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid

6.Ibuprofen has been used widely as newer nonprescription analgesics, A

A.because Aspirin can irritate the stomach wall

IV. Translation

1. 同样，溶剂也可以不是液体物质，而是其他物质

Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others

2. 以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所作的曲线图称为溶解度曲线

A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.

( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)

3. 空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N2 形式存在的氮

Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).

4.反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度、压力和其他条件的影响

The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.

5.氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水

Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.

V. Translation

玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。

4总结

化合物宿命包括：水，盐，糖，氨和石英。

Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.

1.阳离子命名（the names of cations )

(1).单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同，后跟随离子一词。

The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion .

例如：钠离子 Sodium ion

(2) 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子，用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名。

When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .

例如： 亚铜离子（Cu+） copper（I) ion 铜离子（Cu2+） copper（II) ion

亚铁离子（Fe2+） iron（II) ion 铁离子（Fe3+） iron（III） ion

2.阴离子命名（Names of Anions）

（1）单原子阴离子命名时，元素名作为第一部分，加上后缀—ide。

Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first part of the name of the element.

例如：氟离子（F-） flouride 氯离子（cl-） chloride 溴离子(Br-) bromide

(2)含氧酸跟命名是以元素命名作主干，加后缀—ate。

The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix-ate to the stem of the name of the element.

例如：碳酸跟（CO32-） carbonate.

（3)然而，许多元素可以形成有不同数目氧原子的含氧酸根，含氧较多数目的离子加后缀-ite.

However，many element can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms. The ion with larger number of oxygen is given the suffix-ate. And that with smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite.

例如：硝酸根（NO3-） nitrate 亚硝酸跟(NO2-) nitrite

(1)'' 若超过两种含氧酸根，具有最少氧原子数目的含氧酸根加前缀hypo-并加后缀-ite，

具最多数目氧原子的含氧酸根加前缀per-并加后缀-ate。

Some element form more than two oxoanions. The name of oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the -ite form of the name. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxoanion atoms is named with the prefix pre- add to the -ate form of the name.

例如： ClO- hypochorite ClO2- chalorite ClO3- chalorate ClO4- perchlorate

（2）"含H阴离子，命名是将这些阴离子在开头加“hydrogen".

Some anions include hydrogen , the name of these anions begin with "hydrogen".

例如：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

（3）”含氧酸命名是源于对应的含氧酸根，并用-ic acid代替-ate，或用-ous acid代替-ite。

The formulas of oxoanions are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions, -ic oxoacides are the parent of -ate oxoanions and -ous oxoacides are the parents of -ite oxoanion.

例如：H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid

3.离子化合物命名（names of Ionic compound）

（1）命名是以阳离子在前，阴离子在后的方式。

An ionic compound is named with cation name first , followed by the name of the anion.

例如;KCI potassium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate

(2)水合物命名是首先给出化合物名字，后用希腊前缀加hydrate， 前缀表示有多少水分子。Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found.

例如;CuSO4.5H2O copper（II)sulfate pentahydrate

4.分子化合物命名（names of molecular compounds）

分子化合物命名是用希腊前缀表示每种原子出现的数目，没有前缀的话则表示只有一个原子。

Molecular compound are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. No prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present.

例如： PCI3 phosphorus trichloride N2O dinitrogen oxiden

SF6 sulfur hexafluoride N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

5.单价金属离子.

命名和书写二元离子化合物，先写金属再写非金属，金属名字不变，阴离子是在词根后加-ide.

In both naming and writing the formular for a binary ionic compound , the metal comes first and the nonmental second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used . The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide.

例如： NaCl sodium chloride CaO calcium oxide

6.多原子离子化合物命名 同上阴离子命名.

应用化学专业英语（课后答案和课文翻译）