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新托福TPO19阅读原文(一：TheRomanArmy'sImpactonBritain
TPO19-1：TheRomanArmy'sImpactonBritain
InthewakeoftheRomanEmpire'sconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,alargenumberoftroopsstayedinthenewprovince,andthesetroopshadaconsiderableimpactonBritainwiththeircamps,fortifications,andparticipationinthelocaleconomy.Assessingtheimpactofthearmyonthecivilianpopulationstartsfromtherealizationthatthesoldierswerealwaysunevenlydistributedacrossthecountry.Areasrapidlyincorporatedintotheempirewerenotlongaffectedbythemilitary.Wherethearmyremainedstationed,itspresencewasmuchmoreinfluential.Theimpositionofamilitarybaseinvolvedtherequisitionofnativelandsforboththefortandtheterritoryneededtofeedandexercisethesoldiers'animals.Theimpositionofmilitaryrulealsorobbedlocalleadersofopportunitiestoparticipateinlocalgovernment,sosocialdevelopmentwasstuntedandtheseedsofdisaffectionsown.Thisthenmeantthatthemilitaryhadtoremaintosuppressrebellionandorganizegovernment.
EconomicexchangewasclearlyveryimportantastheRomanarmybroughtwithitverysubstantialspendingpower.Locallyaforthadtwokindsofimpact.Itslargepopulationneededfoodandothersupplies.Someofthesewerecertainlybroughtfromlongdistances,butdemandswereinevitablyplacedonthelocalarea.Althoughgoodscouldberequisitioned,theywereusuallypaidfor,andthisprobablystimulatedchangesinthelocaleconomy.Whennotcampaigning,soldiersneededtobeoccupied;otherwisetheyrepresentedapotentiallydangeroussourceoffrictionanddisloyalty.Henceawritingtabletdated25Apriltellsof343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildingabathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead.Suchactivitieshadamajoreffectonthelocalarea,inparticularwiththeconstructionofinfrastructuresuchasroads,whichimprovedaccesstoremoteareas.Eachsoldierreceivedhispay,butinregionswithoutadevelopedeconomytherewasinitiallylittleonwhichitcouldbespent.Thepoolofexcesscashrapidlystimulatedathrivingeconomyoutsidefortgates.Someofthedemandfortheservices


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andgoodswasnodoubtfulfilledbypeopledrawnfromfarafield,butsomelocalpeoplecertainlybecameentwinedinthisneweconomy.Therewasinformalmarriagewithsoldiers,whountilAD197werenotlegallyentitledtowed,andwholenewcommunitiesgrewupneartheforts.Thesesettlementsactedlikesmalltowns,becomingcentersfortheartisanandtradingpopulations.
Thearmyalsoprovidedameanofpersonaladvancementforauxiliarysoldiersrecruitedfromthenativepeoples,asamanobtainedhereditaryRomancitizenshiponretirementafterserviceinanauxiliaryregiment.Suchunitsrecruitedonanadhoc(asneededbasisfromtheareainwhichtheywerestationed,andtherewasevidentlylarge-scalerecruitmentwithinBritain.Thetotalnumberswereatleast12,500menuptothereignoftheemperorHadrian(A.D.117-138,withapeakaroundA.D.80.Althoughasmallproportionofthetotalpopulation,thisperhapshadamassivelocalimpactwhenalargeproportionoftheyoungmenwereremovedfromanarea.Newlyraisedregimentswerenormallytransferredtoanotherprovincefromwhenceitwasunlikelythatindividualrecruitswouldeverreturn.MostunitsraisedinBritainwentelsewhereontheEuropeancontinent,althoughoneisrecordedinMorocco.ThereverseprocessbroughtyoungmentoBritain,wheremanycontinuedtoliveaftertheir20to25yearsofservice,andthisaddedtothecosmopolitanRomancharacterofthefrontierpopulation.BythelaterRomanperiod,frontiergarrisons(groupsofsoldierswereonlyrarelytransferred,serviceinunitsbecameeffectivelyhereditary,andfortswerenolongerpopulatedormaintainedatfullstrength.
Thisprocessofsettlinginasacommunityoverseveralgenerations,combinedwithlocalrecruitment,presumablyaccountsfortheapparentstabilityoftheBritishnorthernfrontierinthelaterRomanperiod.ItalsoexplainswhysomeofthefortscontinuedinoccupationlongafterRomeceasedtohaveanyformalauthorityinBritain,atthebeginningofthefifthcenturyA.D.ThecircumstancesthathadallowednativestobecomeRomanizedalsoledtheself-sustainingmilitarycommunityofthefrontierareatobecomeeffectivelyBritish.
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