3.GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTS

Physical properties of Group IB and IIB

物理性能和防爆兴业集团

These elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds, and their physical properties vary widely.

这些元素有一个更大的体积比使用金属的化合物，其物理性能差别很大。

Gold is the most malleable and ductile of the metals. It can be hammered into sheets of 0.00001 inch in thickness; one gram of the metal can be drawn into a wire 1.8 mi in length1. Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work. Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures, but may be rolled into sheets at between 120° to 150℃; it becomes brittle again about 200℃-The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to the preparation of zinc-coated iron .galvanized iron; clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats of liquid zinc in its preparation. A different procedure is to sprinkle or air blast zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.

黄金是最可塑性和韧性的金属。它可以被锤打成薄片0.00001英寸的厚度；一克的金属能被拉成丝1.8米length1。铜和银金属机械，也容易的工作。锌是一种小常温下易碎，但可轧成在120°150℃；它变脆的一次约200℃-低熔点温度锌有助于编写镀锌铁镀锌铁皮。；清洁可浸入锌液及其制备过程中镜。不同的程序是洒或鼓风锌粉热铁皮为锌液和涂层。

Cadmium has specific uses because of its low-melting temperature in a number of alloys. Cadmium rods are used in nuclear reactors because the metal is a good neutron absorber.

镉有特定的用途由于其熔点温度在一些合金。镉棒是用于核反应堆中由于金属是一个良好的中子吸收剂。

Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous, though the free metal may be taken internally under certain conditions. Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile nature, free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory. Evidence shows that inhalation of its vapors is injurious.

汞蒸气和其盐是有毒的，但自由金属可以采取内部在一定条件下。由于其相对较低的沸点，因此自然挥发，无汞不应被允许站在一个开放的容器在实验室。有证据表明，吸入其蒸气损害。

The metal alloys readily with most of the metals (except iron and platinum) to form amalgams, the name given to any alloy of mercury.

金属合金容易与大多数金属（除铁和铂）汞合金形式，指任何合金汞。

Copper sulfate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4 • 5H2O) is the most important and widely used salt of copper. On heating, the salt slowly loses water to form first the trihydrate (CuSO4 • 3HzO), then the monohydrate (CuSO4 • H2O), and finally the white anhydrous salt. The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids. For example, some of the anhydrous copper salt added to alcohol (which contains water) will turn blue because of the hydration of the salt.

硫酸铜，或胆矾（硫酸铜•用化学药品）是最重要和广泛使用的铜盐。在加热的水，盐慢慢失去形成第一三水（硫酸铜•3hzo），然后一水合物（硫酸铜•水），以及最后的白色无水盐。无水盐经常被用来测试的存在，水在有机液体。例如，一些铜盐加入无水酒精（包括水）会变成蓝色由于水合盐。

Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Fishermen dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms that would rot the fabric. Paints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine craft contain copper compounds to inhibit the growth of barnacles and other organisms.

硫酸铜电镀用的。渔民把网在硫酸铜溶液，以抑制微生物的生长，会腐烂物。涂料制定具体的使用在底部的船只含有铜化合物抑制生长的藤壶和其他生物。

When dilute ammonium hydroxide is added" to a solution of copper (I) ions, a greenish precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(I) salt is formed. This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added. The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated complex with the copper (I) ion of the composition, Cu(NH3)42+. This ion is only slightly dissociated; hence in an ammoniacal solution very few copper (I) ions are present. Insoluble copper compounds, execpt copper sulfide, are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids. The formation of the copper (I) ammonia ion is often used as a test for Cu2+ because of its deep, intense blue color.

当稀氢氧化铵添加“溶液的铜（Ⅰ）离子，绿色沉淀铜（哦）2或基本铜（Ⅰ）盐形成。本品为更多的氢氧化铵添加。多余的形式的氨氨化复杂的铜（Ⅰ）离子的组成，铜（NH 3）42 +。这种离子只有轻微分离性；因此在氨性溶液中极少数的铜（Ⅰ）离子存在。不溶性铜化合物，除了铜的硫化物，溶解hydroxids铵。形成的铜（Ⅰ）氨离子是经常被用来作为测试铜由于其深，深蓝色的颜色。

Copper (I) ferrocyanide [Cu2Fe(CN)6] is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble ferrocyanide to a solution of copper ( I )ions. The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper (I) ions.

亚铁氰化铜（Ⅰ）[cu2fe（网）6 ]是获得作为一个红褐色沉淀中加入可溶性亚铁溶液铜离子（我）。形成这种盐也被用作测试存在的铜（Ⅱ）离子。

Compounds of Silver and Gold化合物的金和银

Silver nitrate, sometimes called lunar caustic, is the most important salt of silver. It melts readily and may be cast into sticks for use in cauterizing wounds. The salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.

硝酸银，有时被称为农历碱，是最重要的盐银。它融随时可转换成棒用于烧灼伤口。盐准备通过溶解在硝酸银和蒸发的解决方案。

The salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver, including the halides used in photography. It is readily reduced by organic reducing agents, with the formation of a black deposit of finely divided silver; this action is responsible for black spots left on the fingers from the handling of the salt. Indelible marking inks and pencils take advantage of this property of silver nitrate.

盐为起始原料的银化合物，包括卤化物摄影中使用。它很容易降低有机还原剂，以形成一个黑色的存款幼小的银色；这一行动负责黑点左边手指从处理的盐。不可磨灭的标记墨水和铅笔趁此属性的硝酸银。

The halides of silver, except the fluoride, are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.

卤化物银，除氟，是很难溶化合物沉淀，可能是由另外一个银盐水溶液的溶液含有氯，溴或碘离子。

The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide (Ag2G). One might expect the hydroxide of silver to precipitate, but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into the oxide and water — if, indeed, it is ever formed at all3. However, since a solution of silver oxide js definitely basic, there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.

另外一个强碱溶液中硝酸盐沉淀棕色的氧化银（ag2g）。人们可能预期的氢银沉淀，但看来，氢氧化银很不稳定，分解成氧化物和水-如果，事实上，它是形成于所有模拟。然而，由于解银是绝对基础，必须有氢离子存在于溶液。

Because of its inactivity, gold forms relatively few compounds. Two series of compounds are known — monovalent and trivalent. Monovalent (aurous) compounds resemble silver compounds (aurous chloride is water insoluble and light sensitive), while the higher valence (auric) compounds tend to form complexes. Gold is resistant to the action of most chemicals —air, oxygen, and water have no effect. The common acids do not attack the metal, but a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (aqua regia) dissolves it to form gold( I ) chloride or chloroauric acid. The action is probably due to free chlorine present in the aqua regia.

由于其活动，金形式相对较少的化合物。一系列的化合物是已知的，单价和三价。单价（金）化合物像银化合物（氯化亚铁是不溶于水和光敏感），而更高的价（金）化合物倾向于形成复合物。黄金是抵抗行动的大多数化学品-空气，水和氧气，没有影响。常见的酸不攻击金属，但混合酸（盐酸和硝酸王水）溶解形成金（我）氯或氯金酸。该行动可能是由于游离氯在王水。

chloroauric acid (HAuCl4-H2O crystallizes from solution). 氯金酸（haucl4-h2o结晶从解决方案）。

Compounds of Zinc锌化合物

Zinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts. 1 he action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. An electric couple to facilitate the action is probably Set up between the two metals.

锌是相当高的系列活动。它很容易与酸反应产生的氢气和取代较少的活性金属盐。1他行动酸杂质锌是更迅速比纯锌，因为泡沫氢气收集表面纯锌和减缓行动。如果另一个目前的金属杂质，氢是从解放表面的金属污染而不是从锌。一个电动夫妇的促进作用可能是建立两国之间的金属。

Zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used zinc compound, is a white powder at ordinary temperatures, but changes to yellow on heating. When cooled, it again becomes white. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in air, by heating the basic carbonate, or by roasting the sulfide. The principal use of ZnO is as a filler in rubber manufacture, particularly in automobile tires. As a body for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide. Its covering power, however, is inferior to that of white lead.

氧化锌（氧化锌），最广泛使用的锌化合物，常温下为白色粉末，但变为黄色，上加热。冷却时，它又变成白色。氧化锌是锌在空气中燃烧，加热碱式碳酸盐，或焙烧硫化物。主要使用氧化锌是作为填料在橡胶制造，特别是在汽车轮胎。作为一个油漆它具有优势的白色不变色的接触到大气中含有硫化氢。它的覆盖能力，然而，不如铅白。

化学专业英语翻译3