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发布时间:1714411605


第一单元Intermsofarchitecture,thestructureofabuildingisanddoesmuchmorethanthat.Itisaninseparablepartofthebuildingformandtovaryingdegreesisageneratorofthatform.Usedskillfully,thebuildingstructurecanestablishorreinforceordersandrhythmsamongthearchitecturalvolumesandplanes.Itcanbevisuallydominantorrecessive.Itcandevelopharmoniesorconflicts.Itcanbebothconfiningandemancipating.And,unfortunatelyinsomecases,itcannotbeignored.Itisphysical.从建筑学方面来说,建筑结构并非仅仅如此,它是建筑风
格一个不可分割的部分,并且在不同程度上体现了建筑风格。巧妙熟练地设计建筑结构能够在建筑空间和平面上建立或加强格调和韵律。它做到直观上的显性和隐形,能够发展和谐体或对照体,同时它是局限的和开放的,并且在(某些情况下一点是不可忽略的,也就是它的实际性。
Therequirementofstrengthmeansthatthematerialsselectedtoresistthestressesgeneratedbytheloadsandshapersofthe
structure(smustbeadequate.Indeed,a“factorofSafety”isusuallyprovidedsothat
undertheanticipatedloads,agivenmaterialisnotstressedtoalevelevenclosetoitsrupturepoint.Thematerialpropertycalledstiffnessisconsideredwiththerequirementofstrength.Stiffnessisdifferentfromstrengthinthatitdirectlyinvolveshowmucha
structurestrainsordeflectsunderload.Amaterialthatisverystrongbutlackinginstiffnesswilldeformtoomuchtobeofvaluein



resistingtheforcesapplied.强度要求意味着选择合适的材料来承受由荷载引起的应力和保持适
当结构形状。的确,提供一个安全系数以便在预计荷载作用下,所使用的材料不会接近破坏应力。被称为刚度的材料特性需要与强度要求一起考虑。刚度不同于强度,它直接体现了结构在荷载作用下的应变打小和变形长度。强度高,刚度低的材料在外力作用下变形过大失去使用价值。
第二单元Concreteisaman-madeconglomeratestonecomposedofessentiallyfouringredients:Portlandcement,water,sand,andcoarseaggregate.Thecementandwatercombinetomakeapastethatbindsthesandandstonestogether.Ideally,theaggregatesaregradedsothatthevolumeofpasteisataminimum,merelysurroundingeverypiecewithathinlayer.Moststructuralconcreteisstoneconcrete,butstructurallightweightconcrete(roughlytwo-thirdsthedensity,ofstoneconcreteisbecomingincreasinglypopular.混凝土是一种主要由四种成分组成的人
造组合石材:水泥,水,砂和粗骨料。水和水泥组合成水泥砂浆,将砂,石粘结在一起。理想情况下,级配良好使水泥浆体积最小,粘结薄薄一层。大多数结构混凝土是碎石混凝土,但轻质混凝土(碎石混凝土密度的2/3越来越得到普及。
Thecompressivestrengthofagivenconcreteisafunctionofthequalityandproportionsofitsconstituentsandthemannerinwhichthefreshconcreteiscured.(Curingistheprocessofhardeningduring


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