诗歌的韵律及押韵格式

发布时间:2019-11-11 00:21:15

第一节 头韵

头韵是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节:

When I am dead, my dearest,

Sing no sad songs for me;

Plant thou no rose at my head,

Nor shady cypress tree:

Be the green grass above me

With showers and dewdrops wet;

And if thou wilt, remember,

And if thou wilt, forget.  

(Christina Rossetti: Song)

第一行的dead / dearest,第二行的sing / sad / songs,第五行的green / grass,第六行的 with / wet押头韵。

又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103~106行:

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.  

Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

前三行里,头韵[f]重复七次。这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音,创造出一种宁静的意境。第四行里的两个[s]音宛如和风吹过沉寂海面而发出的咝咝声。头韵在这里的使用,令读者有身临其境之感。另外,中间韵blew / flewfirst / burstfurrow / followed,尾韵free / sea形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。

再如莎士比亚编号为71的十四行诗前八行:

No longer mourn for me when I am dead

Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell

Give warning to the world that I am fled

From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell.

Nay, if you read this line, remember not

The hand that writ it; for I love you so

That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot

If thinking on me would make you woe.  

每行都有不同的头韵。第一行为mourn / me,第二行为surly / sullen,第三行为warning / world,第四行为world / worm,第五行为read / remember,第八行为me / makewould / woe。第二行、第三行和第五行为than / that / this,第七行和第八行为thoughts / thinking。这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中,可以称为交叉头韵。

诗人在使用头韵时,还使用一种声音的重复,通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感。如多恩的《歌》:

When thou sighst, thou sighst not wind

But sighst my soul away;

When thou weepst, unkindly kind,

My lifes blood doth decay.

It cannot be,

That thou lovst me, as thou sayst,

If in thine my life thou waste,

Thou art the best of me.  

John Donne: Song

此诗节使用的头韵有when / wind / weep / wastesigh / soul / saydoth / decayblood / be / bestthou / then / that等。另外,在sighkindlythinemylife中有频繁的元音字母i,此音暗示悲伤和抑郁,加上它是一个长元音,自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动,哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现。

同样的诗歌技巧也体现在爱伦坡的《乌鸦》之中,如该诗的最后一节:

And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;

And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted nevermore!  

(Allan Poe: The Raven)

此诗节中除了各行的头韵(still / sittingpallid / Pallashis / havelamp / lightfrom / floating / floor),还有内韵(flitting / sittingseeming / dreaming等),贯穿整个诗节的短元音、[æ],长元音[i:][o:]和双元音[əu]生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望。

第二节 尾韵

尾韵(end rhyme行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同,而元音前面的辅音则不能相同。也就是说,元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵,而元音前面的辅音则不押韵。这种韵又被称为全韵(perfect rhyme。根据音节的数量,可分为单音节尾韵(single rhyme)、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)

单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵masculine rhyme),是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵。如米勒《在太平洋之滨》第二诗节:

Above yon gleaming skies of gold

One lone imperial peak is seen;

While gathered at his feet in green

Ten thousand foresters are told.

And all so still! So still the air

That duty drops the web of care.   

(Joaquin Miller: By the Pacific Ocean)

第一、四行押韵,第二、三行押韵,第五、六行押韵,都是重读单音节。

虽然是单音节押韵,但它只要求一个音节押韵,而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词。例如叶芝《走过柳园》第一节:

Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meet;

She passd the sally gardens with little snow-white feet.

She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;

But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.  

W. B. Yeats: Down by the Sally Gardens

这里第四行的agree就是一个双音节单词,它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree押韵,而且它是重读音节。

双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵(feminine rhyme,其基本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵,其中倒数第二个音节是重读音节,而最后一个音节是非重读音节。由于其读音是重读加非重读结构,因此它又称扬抑格韵(trochaic rhyme)。如华兹华斯的《写于三月》前四行:

The cock is crowing,

The stream is flowing,

The small birds twitter,

The lake doth glitter.  

(William Wordsworth: Written in March at Brothers Water)

行尾的crowing / flowingtwitter / glitter相互押韵。两组押韵都是由双音节单词组成,每个单词的第一个音节为重读音节,第二个音节为非重读音节。

又如丁尼生《女郎夏洛特》第一部分的第二诗节:

Willows whiten, aspens quiver,

Little breezes dusk and shiver

Through the wave that runs forever

By the island in the river

Flowing down to Camelot.

Four grey walls, and four grey towers,

Overlook a space of flowers,

And the silent isle imbowers

The Lady of Shalott.  

(Alfred Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott, Part I)

行尾的quiver / shiver / rivertowers / flowers / imbowers相互押韵,除了imbowers,其余单词都是双音节单词,都是第一个音节为重读,第二个音节为非重读。imbowers虽然是三个音节,但它的最后两个音节为重读加非重读,跟其余两个单词押韵。这就是说,双音节韵的单词也可以是多音节单词,但其押韵的音节只能是两个,而且是多音节中最后两个音节。同时,其结构也不能改变,是重读音节加非重读音节。

再如济慈《致一些女士》第一诗节:

What though while the wonders of nature exploring,

I cannot your light, mazy footsteps attend;

Nor listen to accents, that almost adoring,

Bless Cynthias face, the enthusiasts friend.  

John Keats: To Some Ladies

这个诗节是单韵和双韵混合使用。exploring / adoring都是三个音节,但重读音节在倒数第二个音节上,最后一个音节是非重读音节,因此它们押双韵。

在多音节单词中,如果最后两个音节押韵,但倒数第二个音节不是重读音节,也可以归入双韵。如下面这首选自莎士比亚《凤凰与斑鸠》中的一段诗:

Beauty, truth, and rarity

Grace in all simplicity,

Here enclosed in cinders lie.

Death is now the phoenix nest;

And the turtle's loyal breast

To eternity doth rest,

Leaving no posterity:--

Twas not their infirmity,

It was married chastity.

Truth may seem, but cannot be;

Beauty brag, but tis not she:

Truth and Beauty buried be.

To this urn let those repair

That are either true or fair;

For these dead birds sigh a prayer.  

(Shakespeare: Threnos of The Phoenix and the Turtle)

rarity / simplicityposterity / infirmity / chastity都是三个音节或四个音节,它们在最后两个音节上都押韵,但倒数第二个音节都不是重读音节,虽不符合双韵的规定,非严格说来,也应该算双音节押韵。

另外,nest / breast / rest是标准的单音节押韵。repair / fair / prayer这个押韵组中,repair虽是两个音节,但重读在第二个音节上。airayer字母组合虽然不同,但读音相同,因此,三个单词押单音节韵。

三重音节尾韵是在双韵的基础上增加了一个音节,因此它可以被看成是双韵的变体。押三重韵的英语单词在韵步上属于扬抑抑格,因此,三重韵有时也被称为扬抑抑格韵(dactylic rhyme)。由于英语中符合三重韵规则的单词不多,因此三重韵可以由两个以上的英语单词构成,这种押韵被称为马赛克韵(mosaic rhyme),即几个单音节单词同一个多音节单词或几个单音节单词押韵。如拜伦《唐璜》第一歌第二十二段后四行:

I dont choose to say much upon this head,

Im a plain man, and in a single station,

But-oh! Ye lords of ladies intellectual,

Inform us truly, have they not hen-peckd you all?  

(Byron: Don Juan, First Canto, XXII, Lines 173~176)

intellectual有五个音节,其中lectual有三个音节,同下一行的peckd you all押三重马赛克韵。

第三节 内韵

内韵,又称中间韵、行内韵、腹韵,指一行诗内的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语或另一行诗中的一个词语之间的押韵。它不是在行尾的押韵,既可能与同一行诗中的词语押韵,也可能同下一行诗中的词语押韵,还可能同隔行诗中的词语押韵。

一行诗内的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语押内韵的例子,如雪莱的《云》,以第一诗节为例:

I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers,

From the seas and streams;

I bear light shade for the leaves when laid

In their noon-day dreams.

From my wings are shaken the dews that waken

The sweet buds every one,

When rocked to rest on their mothers breast,

As she dances about the Sun.

I wield the flail of the lashing hail,

And whiten the green plains under,

And then again I dissolve it in rain,

And laugh as I pass in thunder.  

(Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Cloud)

单数行中的showers / flowersshade / laidshaken / wakenrest / breastflail / hailagain / rain押内韵,它们都是行中间的词与同行尾词押韵。该诗的其他诗节也是如此押韵,从韵律角度看,相当优秀。另外,双数行行尾单词streams / dreamsone / Sun押单音节韵,under / thunder押双音节韵。

又如玛丽伊丽莎白柯尔律治的《女巫》第一诗节的前四行:

I have walked a great while over the snow,

And I am not tall nor strong.

My clothes are wet, and my teeth are set,

And the way was hard and long.  

(Mary Elizabeth Coleridge: The Witch)

诗中第三行的wet / set押内韵。该诗第二、三诗节的第三行分别是My hands are stone, and my voice a groanShe cameshe cameand the quivering flame。其中的stone / groancame / flame 也押内韵。

既在一行诗内押内韵,又在隔行中押内韵的诗,爱伦坡的《乌鸦》是典型例子,下面是该诗的第二个诗节:

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.

Eagerly I wished the morrow;___ vainly I had sought to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow___ sorrow for the lost Lenore___

For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore___

Nameless here for evermore.  

Allan Poe: The Raven

第一行的remember / December以及第三行的morrow / borrow分别都是同一行内押内韵。December / emberborrow / sorrow 属于一行诗的尾韵词同下一行诗中间的词押韵,两行诗不再押尾韵,这种结构的押韵叫隔行内韵(alternate rhyme)。另外,第四行的lost Lenore和第五行的rare and radiant押头韵。

《乌鸦》第三节第一、二行如下:

And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain

Thrilled me___ filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before.  

《乌鸦》第五节后三行如下:

And the only word there spoken was the whispered word. Lenore!

This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, Lenore!

Merely this and nothing more.  

在这些诗行中,thrilled / filledwhispered / murmured / word 都是同一行诗中两个或三个词语押韵,但不押尾韵。这种押韵被称为组合韵(sectional rhyme)。

第四节  元韵

元韵属于非全韵,指诗行中的元音读音相同,而元音前后的辅音则不同。从押韵的位置来看,元韵可分为尾元韵和行内元韵。

尾元韵同普通尾韵不同。尾韵要求行尾单词最后一个音节的元音和元音后面的辅音都要押韵,而尾元韵只要求行尾单词最后一个元音押韵,而不管元音后面的辅音是否押韵。例如:

She sees the falling leaves, the dying leaves

That cling there still; above

Through the brown horror of the boughs she sees

The empty, arching skull.

(E.L. Mayo: Pool)

在这四行诗里,第一、三行最后单词中的元音字母eaee发音相同,第二、四行最后单词中的元音字母ou也是发音相同,它们属于标准的尾元韵。

押元韵的诗行往往同押全韵的诗行一起组合成诗节,如狄金森《天堂,为我难以企及》第一诗节:

Heaven is what I cannot reach!

The Apple on the Tree,

Provided it do hopeless hang,

That "Heaven" is, to Me.

Emily Dickinson: Heaven Is What I Cannot Reach

第一行的reach和第二行的tree构成元韵,第二行的tree和第四行的me则构成全韵。

行内元韵指一行诗中相邻单词中相同元音的重复,这种重复也可以出现在几行诗中。例如:

Skirting the river road,(my forenoon walk, my rest,)

Skyward in air a sudden muffled sound, the dalliance of the eagles,

The rushing amorous contact high in space together,

The clinching interlocking claws, a living, fierce, gyrating wheel,

Four beating wings, two beaks, a swirling mass tight grappling,

In tumbling turning clustering loops, straight downward falling,

Till oer the river poisd, the twain yet one, a moments lull,

A motionless still balance in the air, then parting, talons loosing,

Upward again on slow-firm pinions slanting, their separate diverse flight,

She hers, he his, pursuing.

(Walt Whitman: The Dalliance of the Eagles)

这个诗节中,从开始到最后,元音不断重复,第二行的sudden / muffled,第三行的rushing / contact中元音字母uo是相同元音,第六行的tumbling / clustering两个u读音相同,第九行的diverse / flight中,iigh的读音相同。第二行和第四行押尾元韵(eagles / wheel)。还有头韵,如第一行的river / roads,第二行的skyward / sudden / sound,第六行的tumbling / turning,第九行的slow / slanting / separate等。

行内韵往往和尾韵一同使用,如:

Tyger!Tyger! burning bright,

In the forests of the night.

(William Blake: The Tyger)

第一行tygerbright中的yi因读音相同而押元韵,同时bright又同第二行的night押尾韵。像这种元韵和尾韵混合使用的情况,非常普遍。

第五节 和韵

和韵指元音读音不同而辅音或辅音组合的读音相同或相似。和韵可分为行尾和韵、行内和韵和节内和韵。

行尾和韵指出现在行尾的辅音重复,元音不要求押韵,如叶芝《第二次来临》中的诗行:

Things fall apart; the center cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.

(W.B.Yeats: The Second Coming)

hold / world中的辅音[ld]押韵。又如狄金森《天堂,为我难以企及》第二诗节:

The color on the cruising cloud,

The interdicted ground

Behind the hill, the house behind ,

There Paradise is found!

Emily Dickinson: Heaven Is What I Cannot Reach

四行尾词的辅音[d]押韵,后三行尾词的辅音[nd]押韵。

行内和韵和节内和韵指在一行诗内押韵和在一个诗节的诗行行内押韵。这种押韵只考虑重读音节的辅音押韵,可以出现在任何位置,并不要求押尾韵。以弗罗斯特的《雪夜林边驻足》前两诗节为例:

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village, though;

He will not see me stopping here

To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near

Between the woods and frozen lake

The darkest evening of the year.

(Robert Frost: Stopping by Woods on a Snow Evening)

第一行的whose / woods / these中的辅音字母s的读音都是[z]且又是尾辅音,因此形成行内和韵。它还同整个诗节以及全诗中的尾辅音[z]形成节内和韵以及全诗和韵。另外,每诗节第一、二、四行押尾韵(know / though / snowqueer / near / year)。whose / woodshis / is /in / villagesee / me等押内元韵。第一行的his / house,第三行的see / stopping,第四行的watch / woods / with押头韵。

这首诗里把尾韵、内韵、元韵、和韵和头韵混合使用,不仅使诗歌的声音系统更加复杂,而且音响效果得到强化,增强了诗歌的音韵美。

第六节 目韵

目韵指拼写看起来似乎押韵而读音其实并不押韵的尾韵。如弗瑞诺《印第安人的墓地》第四诗节:

His bow, for action ready bent,

And arrows, with a head of stone,

Can only mean that life is spent,

And not the old ideas gone.

Philip Freneau: The Indian Burying Ground

这里的stonegone属于目韵。

又如弥尔顿的《致亡妻》中的诗行:

Mine, as whom washed from spot of child-bed taint

Purification in the Old Law did save,

And such as yet once more I trust to have

Full sight of her in Heaven without restraint,

(Milton: On His Deceased Wife)

这里的savehave属于目韵。

再如安布拉兹特里特的《肉与灵》中的诗行:

In secret place where I stood

Close by the banks of Lacrim flood,

I heard two sisters reason on

Things that are past and things to come;

(Anne Bradstreet: The Flesh and the Spirit)

这里的stoodflood属于目韵。



英语诗歌的基本押韵格式

押韵格式(rhyme scheme)指的是一首诗中各押韵诗行的组合形式。一般说来,每首诗都由数量不同的诗行组成,每一行的结尾都按照其读音的相同或类似而押韵,并表现出规律性。

押韵格式分为定型诗歌格式和普通诗歌格式。前一种格式主要有十四行诗体、斯宾塞诗体、回旋诗体等押韵格式;普通诗歌格式主要有双行押韵格式(aa)、隔行交互押韵格式(abab)和吻韵格式(abba)

第一节  基本押韵格式

一、 双行押韵格式(aa

它是英语诗歌最基本押韵格式,主要用于双行诗节(couplet)。双行诗节指两行押韵或不押韵的诗行。双行诗节可以单独成为诗节,也可以存在于其他诗节中。七行体(又称皇韵体,rhyme royal)诗和八行体(octa rima)诗用双行诗节结束,莎士比亚的十四行诗也是用双行诗节结束全诗。

双行诗节分开放双行诗节(open couplet)和完整双行诗节(closed couplet)两种。完整双行诗节如果是用抑扬格五韵步写成,就被称为英雄双行诗节(heroic couplet)

开放双行诗节指的是跨行的双行诗体,即两行诗有共同的语法和逻辑结构,但第二行的意思需要继续下去,直到在后面的诗行中结束。如济慈叙述希腊神话中的美少年长诗《恩弟米安》开始几行:

A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:

Its loveliness increases; it will never

Pass into nothingness; but still will keep

A bower quiet for us, and a sleep

Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.

Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing

A flowery band to bind us to the earth,

Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth

Of noble natures

(John Keats: Endymion)

这些诗行的特点是:

首先,每两行押韵,即 ever / neverkeep / sleepbreathing / wreathingearth / dearth押韵。

其次,第一行是完整句,第二行要表达的意思跨入下面数行才结束。

双行诗节是英语中最短的诗节,在印刷安排上,有时按两行一个诗节的形式分开排列,有时连续排在一起。每个诗节的押韵不重复,即下一个诗节同上一个诗节不能押相同的韵,必须转韵,因此,整首诗的押韵格式就成了aabbccdd,一直往下推。

完整双行诗节不仅要求两行诗押韵相同,而且要把意思表达完整。英雄双行诗节是完整双行诗节中的一种,它是英语诗歌之父乔叟最喜爱的诗体,如他的《坎特伯雷故事》总引中对骑士的介绍:

And everemore he hadde a sovereign pris.

And thought that he were worthy, he was wis,

And of his port as week as is a maide.

He nevere yit no vilainye ne saide

In al his lif unto no manere wight:

He was a verray, parfit, gentil knight.

But for to tellen you of his array,

His hors were goode, but he was nat gay.

Of fustian he wered a gipoun

Al bismotered with his haubergeoun,

For he was late come from his viage,

And wente for to doon his pilgrimage.

(Chaucer: The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales)

这段诗是抑扬格五韵步,每两行押韵,下个韵不同于上个韵,其押韵格式为aabbccddeeff

济慈的叙事诗《拉米亚》是混合使用开放诗行和英雄诗行写成的,开始几行如下:

Upon a time, before the faery broods

Drove Nymph and Satyr from the prosperous woods,

Before King Oberons bright diadem,

Scepter, and mantle, claspd with dewy gem,

Frighted away the dryads and the Fauns

From rushes green, and brakes, and cowslipd lawns,

The ever-smitten Hermes empty left

His golden throne, bent warm on amorous theft:

(John Keats: Lamia)

这些诗行里,第一行不是完整句,第一行和第二行组成一个时间状语从句,第三、四、五六句组成第二个状语从句,第七、八行组成这些诗行的主句。它们每两行押韵,即broods / woodsdiadem / gemFauns / lawnsleft / theft。每组韵不同,属开放双行诗节押韵格式。但该诗第二十七行开始如下:

From vale to vale, from wood to wood, he flew,

Breathing upon the flowers his passion new,

And wound with many a river to its head,

To find where this sweet nymph prepard her secret bed:

In vain; the sweet nymph might nowhere be found,

And so he rested, on the lonely ground.

显然,这些以抑扬格五韵步为主的诗行里,每行都表达完整的意思,都是每两行押韵,因此它们属英雄双行押韵格式。

aabb韵律格式的四行诗节,其实是双行诗节的变体,如朗费罗的《箭和歌》第一、三诗节:

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

.

Long, long afterwards, in an oak

I found the arrow, still unbroken;

And the song, from beginning to end,

I found again in the heart of a friend.

(Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song)

每两行押韵,下一诗节的韵与前面的韵不同。虽然第一、二行都分别表达完整之意,但因它们是四韵步,只能被称为完整诗行,不能被称为英雄双行。其余双行是开放诗行。

诗人们有时使双行诗节发生变化,在双行上加一行并与之押韵,这样的诗节叫三行同韵诗节(triplet)。最好的例子莫过于丁尼生的《鹰》:

He clasps the crag with crooked hands;

Close to the sun in lonely lands,

Ringd with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,

And like a thunderbolt he falls.

(Alfred Tennyson: The Eagle)

如果是三个以上的诗行押一个韵,这叫单韵(monorhyme)。单韵的格式有两种,一种是一个诗节只押一个韵,有多少诗节就有多少韵,另一种是一首诗只押一个韵。例如弗罗斯特的《蔷薇科》就是一首诗只押一种韵的典型例子:

The rose is a rose,

And was always a rose.

But the theory now goes

That the apples a rose,

And the pear is, and sos

The plum, I suppose.

What will next prove a rose.

You, of course, are a rose

But were always a rose.

Robert Frost: The Rose Family

二、 隔行押韵格式

隔行韵(alternate rhyme)又称交叉韵(cross rhyme),其格式abab是英语诗歌中仅次于双行押韵格式aa的第二种基本押韵格式,一般用于写作四行诗节,其基本特征就是第一行诗与第三行诗押韵,第二行诗同第四行诗押韵。如华兹华斯的《致杜鹃》第一诗节:

O blithe new-comer! I have heard,

I hear thee and rejoice:

O Cuckoo! Shall I call thee Bird,

Or but a wandering Voice?  

(William Wordsworth: To the Cuckoo)

这种押韵格式来自双行诗节的押韵格式,是双行诗节的变体,它本身也同样存在变体,形成另外一种格式,如xbyb格式(其中xy表示不押韵)。这种格式在民谣中比较常见,如济慈《冷酷的妖女》第六、七诗节:

I set her on my pacing steed,

And nothing else saw all day long,

For sidelong would she bend, and sing

A fairys song.

She found me roots of relish sweet,

And honey wild, and manna dew,

And sure in language strange she said

I love thee true.  

John Keats: La Belle Dame Sans Merci

三、 吻韵格式

吻韵(envelope rhyme or kissing rhyme)又称抱韵,其押韵格式为abba,其主要特征是第一诗行与第四诗行押韵,第二诗行和第三诗行押韵。这种格式通常被用在抑扬格四韵步或五韵步诗行的四行诗节中,丁尼生的《悼念集》被认为是用此种格式写成的最著名的诗篇,其中第十一段的最后两个诗节如下:

Calm and deep peace in this wide air,

These leaves that redden to the fall,

And in my heart, if calm at all,

If any calm, a calm despair;

Calm on the seas, and silver sleep,

And waves that sway themselves in rest,

And dead calm in that noble breast

Which heaves but with the heaving deep.

(Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam, Section 11)

丁尼生的密友哈勒姆在欧洲旅行期间,客死维也纳,丁尼生极为悲伤,十多年中,从这种悲伤出发,把对人生、宗教、社会等的思考写成一首首诗,记录了这一心灵历程。该诗集发表后,成为英诗中最伟大的悼念诗之一这种诗体也被称为悼念体。

又如哈代的《灰暗的色调》前两个诗行:

We stood by a pond that winter day,

And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,

And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;

They had fallen from an ash, and were gray.

Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove

Over tedious riddles of years ago;

And some words played between us to and fro

On which lost the more by our love.

(Thomas Hardy: Neutral Tones)

这是诗人悼念亡妻的诗歌之一,抒写了他们情感曾经的隔阂。

吻韵与四行诗节联系在一起,如果诗行增加并押吻韵,吻韵就有了变体形式,如哈代的《啊,是你在我坟上刨土》就是一例,其前两个诗节如下:

Ah, are you digging on my grave

My loved one?planting rue?

—‘No: yesterday he went to wed

One of the brightest wealth has bred.

It cannot hurt her now, he said,

That I should not be true.”’

Then who is digging on my grave?

My nearest dearest kin?

—‘Ah, no: they sit and think, what use!

What good will planting flowers produce?

No tendance of her mound can loose

Her spirit from Deaths gin.”’

(Thomas Hardy: Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?)

这是一首具有讽刺味道的对话诗,是坟墓里的死者与坟上刨土者的对话,死者不知道是谁在刨土,就发问是不是自己的恋人,亲人,或敌人(第三节),刨土者回答说都不是,他们都已经不爱你,不想你,不恨你了。刨土者最后回答说自己是死者养过的那只小狗,死者感动于世上还有小狗一颗忠诚的心,而小狗的回答却是,它来刨土为的是埋一根骨头,竟然忘了这里是主人的安息地。每个诗节有六个诗行,第一行在后面每个诗节首行作少许变动后重复,属迭句。如果将其抛在一边,我们就不难发现,每诗节里剩下的五行诗,属abbba吻韵格式。

吻韵也可以用来写三行诗节,格式为aba。这样的诗行叫吻韵三行诗节(enclosed tercet),如毕晓普的《一门艺术》第一、诗节:

The art of losing isn't hard to master;

so many things seem filled with the intent

to be lost that their loss is no disaster,

Lose something every day. Accept the fluster

of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.

The art of losing isn't hard to master.  

Elizabeth Bishop: One Art

四、链韵格式

链韵(chain rhyme)又名连锁韵(interlocking rhyme),是英语诗歌中较为复杂的押韵格式,主要用于四行诗节或三行诗节。其特征是一个诗节中的某一行诗用于连接下一个诗节中某一行诗的韵。雪莱的《西风颂》是使用链韵的优秀范例,其第四段如下:

If I were a dead leaf thou mightiest bear;

If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;

A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share

The impulse of thy strength, only less free

Than thou, O Uncontrollable! If even

I were as in my boyhood, and could be

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,

As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed

Scarce seemd a vision; I would neer have striven

As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.

O! life me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!

I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!

A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed

One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.

(Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind)

前四个诗节的押韵格式为aba bcb cdc ded,每个诗节单独来看都是吻韵,而且每个诗节的中间诗行成为链接诗行,它与下一诗节的首尾两诗行押尾韵,这样,所有诗行就链接起来了。

又如拉金的《床上的谈话》:

Talking in bed ought to be easiest,

Lying together there goes back so far,

An emblem of two people being honest.

Yet more and more time passes silently.

Outside, the winds incomplete unrest

Builds and disperses clouds about the sky,

And dark towns heap up on the horizon.

None of this cares for us. Nothing shows why

At this unique distance from isolation

It becomes still more difficult to find

Words at once true and kind,

Or not untrue and not unkind.  

(Philip Larkin: Talking in Bed)

前三个诗节的韵式是aba cac dcd,前一个诗节的首尾行与下一个诗界的中间行押韵,从而将三个诗节链接起来。最后一个诗节押单韵。

第二节 押韵格式的组合使用

上面讨论的四种基本押韵格式都与二行、三行和四行诗节联系在一起。有时,一个诗节会有五个或五个以上的诗行,这时就会出现两种甚至两种以上的押韵格式的组合。

一、 五行诗节中押韵格式的组合

例如雪莱的《致云雀》开始两诗节:

Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!

Bird thou never wert

That from heaven or near it

Pourest thy full heart

In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.

Higher still and higher

From the earth thou springest,

Like a cloud of fire;

The blue deep thou wingest,

And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.

Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark

每个诗节中的押韵格式为ababb。这是隔行押韵的变体形式,也可以说前三行是吻韵格式,后两行是双行韵格式,后两行与第二行又押韵。又如艾伦坡的《致海伦》:

Helen, thy beauty is to me

Like those Nicéan barks of yore,

That gently, over a perfumed sea,

The weary, way-worn wanderer bore

To his own native shore.

On desperate seas long wont to roam,

Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,

Thy Naiad airs have brought me home

To the glory that was Greece,

And the grandeur that was Rome.

Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche

How statue-like I see thee stand,

The agate lamp within thy hand!

Ah, Psyche, from the regions which

Are Holy-Land!  

(Allan Poe: To Helen)

这首诗三个诗节的押韵格式分别是ababababaabbab,它们都应该是隔行韵的变体,但第三个诗节的前四行又有吻韵的味道。另外,Nicéan中的é表示这个音节重读,从而使这个诗行成抑扬格韵步。

二、六行诗节中押韵格式的组合

例如华兹华斯《我独自漫游像一片云》第一诗节和最后诗节:

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.



For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

And then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.

William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

每个诗节的押韵格式是ababcc,即隔行韵和双行韵格式的组合。

三、七行诗节中的组合

七行诗节中,最普通的是抑扬格五韵步的皇韵(rhyme royal)诗节。它是苏格兰国王詹姆斯一世在他的诗歌Kings Quair中所使用的诗节而创造出来的。乔叟在《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》(Troilus and Criseyde)中最早使用这一诗节,因此皇韵诗节又称特罗勒斯诗节(Troilus stanza)或乔叟诗节(Chaucer stanza)。以下是选自《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》卷一中特罗勒斯的一段情歌的第一诗节,其韵脚是ababbcc

If no love is, O God, what fele I so?

And if love is, what thing and whiche is he?

If love be good, from whennes cometh my wo?

If it be wikke, a wonder thinke me,

When every torment and adversitee

That cometh of him, may to me savory thinke;

For ay thurst I, the more that I it drinke.  

这种格式是在四行诗节基础上发展起来的,其押韵格式也是在隔行押韵(abab)或双行押韵(bbcc)的基础上加一个三行诗形成的。

四、八行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用

八行诗节的基本结构是由六行隔行韵(ababab)加一个双行韵构成(cc),如叶芝的《驶向拜占庭》最后一个诗节:

Once out of nature I shall never take

My bodily form from any natural thing,

But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make

Of hammered gold and gold enamelling

To keep a drowsy Emperor awake;

Or set upon a golden bough to sing

To lords and ladies of Byzantium

Of what is past, or passing, or to come.  

W.B. Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium

拜伦的长诗《唐璜》(Don Juan)是由八行诗节构成,押韵格式为abababcc,即由六行隔行韵加一个双行韵构成,例句见后面史诗章节。

五、九行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用

九行诗节以斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza)为代表,他是在长诗《仙后》中创造的一种诗节,以下是卷一第一章的第一诗节:

Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,

Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,

Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,

The cruell markes of many a bloudy fielde;

Yet armes till that time did he never wield:

His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,

As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:

Full iolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt,

As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.  

Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queen

这种诗节的押韵格式是ababbcbcc,是在隔行韵和链接韵基础上发展起来的,既有隔行韵味道,又有链接韵味道。斯宾塞的这种九行诗节押韵格式是固定的。

其他诗人也写九行诗节的诗,其押韵格式就不那么固定,如多恩的《追认圣徒》第一诗节:

For Gods sake hold your tongue, and let me love,

Or chide my palsy, or my gout,

My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune, flout,

With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve,

Take you a course, get you a place,

Observe His Honor, or His Grace

Or the kings real, or his stampèd face

Contemplate; what you will, approve,

So you will let me love.  

(John Donne: The Canonization)

这节诗行的押韵格式为abbacccaa,显然,前面四行是吻韵,后面五行是双行韵的变体。

六、十行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用

由于诗行较多,十行诗节没有固定的押韵格式,但大多数是从基本押韵格式上变化而来,例如多恩的《升起的太阳》第一节:

Busy old fool, unruly sun,

Why dost thou thus

Through windows and through curtains call on us?

Must to thy motions lovers seasons run?

Saucy pedantic wretch, go chide

Late schoolboys and sour prentices,

Go tell court huntsmen that the king will ride,

Call country ants to harvest offices;

Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,

Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.  

(John Donne: The Sun Rising)

这个诗节的押韵格式是abbacdcdee,显然,前四行押吻韵,接下来的四行押隔行韵,最后两行押双行韵。又如济慈《夜莺颂》第四诗节:

Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,

But on the viewless wings of Poesy,

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:

Already with thee! Tender is the night,

And haply the Queen Moon is on her throne,

Clusterd around by all her starry Fays;

But here there is no light,

Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown

Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.  

John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale

这个诗节的押韵格式是ababcdecde,显然,前四行押隔行韵,后六行也押隔行韵,但隔两行而非基本格式的隔一行。

七、维拉内拉villanelle)十九行诗

这种诗体在文艺复兴时期用于当时流行的牧歌中,它起源于意大利民谣的诗体,格律很严:每首由五个三行诗节构成,限用两个韵,三行诗节的韵脚安排为aba,四行诗节为abaa,第一节中的第一行与第三行还必须在后面的四节中轮流用作第三行,并在最后的四行节中双双出现,作全诗结句。如狄兰托马斯的《不要温和地走进那个良夜》:

Do not go gentle into that good night,

Old age should burn and rave at close of day;

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Though wise men at their end know dark is right,

Because their words had forked no lightning they

Do not go gentle into that good night.

Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright

Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,

And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,

Do not go gentle into that good night.

Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight

Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

And you, my father, there on the sad height,

Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.

Do not go gentle into that good night.

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.  

(Dylan Thomas: Do not Go Gentle into That Good Night)

诗人的父亲常常给年少的他朗诵莎士比亚的作品,并鼓励他写诗。在父亲最后的日子里,挚爱他的儿子在他的病榻前为他反复朗诵这首杰作。诗人认为父亲是个有见识的人,具有多种非凡的品质,因此他列举了数种典型之人对待死亡的态度,殷殷劝说父亲不要被动地屈从,而应以生命的激情和勇气与死神抗挣。诗人请求父亲以一如既往的热情来关心自己,哪怕是诅咒或祝福。



第五章 十四行诗的押韵格式

第一节 彼特拉克体十四行诗的押韵格式

十四行诗起源于意大利,它是1314世纪意大利最流行的一种抒情诗体。诗人彼特拉克是意大利十四行诗的代表,这种诗体既被称为意大利十四行诗体,又被称为彼特拉克体。一般认为,英国最早写作意大利十四行诗的诗人是怀亚特(Sir Thomas Wyat,1503~1545),他的诗作在他去世十五年以后与霍华德(Henry Howard,1517~1547)一起出版,他们一起被称为英国十四行诗之父。这种诗体被介绍到英国后,很快成为英国诗人喜欢运用的一种诗体,弥尔顿、华兹华斯、济慈、勃朗宁、锡德尼都写下优美的彼特拉克体十四行诗。这种诗体由十四行诗组成,分前八行(octave)和后六行(sestet)两个部分。每行五个韵步(pentameter)。第一部分八行诗的押韵格式为:abba abba,这种韵式称为吻韵。第二部分六行诗的押韵格式有三种:cdc cdccdc dcdcde dce。这种韵式称为链韵。

一、弥尔顿

尔顿用彼特拉克体写了多首十四行诗,其内容包括对赞颂革命人物,对酬答友好故旧,抒发个人情怀等。以下是《我思量我已耗尽光明》:

When I consider how my light is spent

Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,

And that one talent which is death to hide,

Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent

To serve therewith my Maker, and present

My true account, lest he returning chide;

Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?

I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent

That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need

Either mans work or his own gifts; who best

Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state

Is kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed

And post oer land and ocean without rest:

They also serve who only stand and wait.”   

John Milton: On His Blindness

此诗的主题写失去视力的感受,表达诗人对万物有灵论和上帝的哲学看法。诗歌探讨了诗人对上帝的信仰和联系,并暗示上帝创造了人,人追求的不是休息而是工作。全诗分两个部分,第一部分写弥尔顿向上帝提问,第二部分对自己提出的问题做出解答。诗歌虽然是诗人向上帝提问,但实际上是诗人向自己提问,努力为自己失明后所遭遇的人生问题寻求答案。一开始,诗人就暗示,美好人生因为失明受到影响,第一到第四行的dark”“death”“useless等词表明诗人失明后的心理状态,即失明后笼罩在内心深处的巨大阴影。第三行诗And that one talent which is death to hide是对《圣经》马太福音第25章的暗示。三个人中的两个拿了主人的钱去投资并赚了钱,得到主人的回报,而那个把钱埋在地里的人却很不幸,主人把他的钱夺去给了赚了钱的人,还把他关在门外的黑暗中。这是诗人的真切感受,他失明后感觉被人从现实人生和世界中赶了出去,被关在黑暗的世界里。第二个四行是继续提出问题Doth God exact day-labour, light denied紧接着是对前面提出的问题给予回答(Patiencesoon replies)。全诗每行十个音节,分五个抑扬格韵步,前八行的韵式为abba abba,后六行韵式为cde cde

弥尔顿的这首十四行诗在结构上跟传统意大利十四行诗略有不同,即在后面的六行中,没有传统意大利体的转折,这种变化的意义在于使十四行诗在结构上更为紧密,在内容上更严谨,避免了传统意大利体在前八行和后六行之间的转换所造成的意义上的断裂。

二、华兹华斯

华兹华斯一生用彼特拉克体写了五百余首十四行诗,其中不乏精美之作。华兹华斯以自己的诗歌实践重新确立了十四行诗在文学上的地位,充分肯定了十四行诗的意义。以《威斯敏斯特桥上》为例:

Earth has not any thing to show more fair:

Dull would he be of soul who cold pass by

A sight so touching in its majesty:

This City now doth, like a garment, wear

The beauty of the morning; silent, bare,

Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie

Open unto the fields, and to the sky;

All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.

Never did sun more beautifully steep

In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;

Neer saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

The river glideth at his own sweet will;

Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!

William Wordsworth: Composed upon Westminster Bridge

此诗的主题是赞美沐浴在晨光中的与大自然融为一体的宁静的伦敦城。诗歌的标题指明观景的地点是泰晤士河上的一座桥,诗人经过此处,被眼前景色打动,环顾四周,更是兴奋不已,于是诗歌一开始就点题:如此壮观的美景无与伦比,凡有正常情感的人都会被景色打动。接下来诗歌就像摄影机镜头一样,首先对准城市(this city),慢慢移向郊区(shipstemples lie / Open unto the fields, and to the sky),移向更远处的山谷等地(valley, rock, or hill)再将镜头收回来,对准泰晤士河、城市建筑和整座城市(river, houses, heart)。四周宁静,阳光普照,城市如披着新袍,一切建筑都在一尘不染的大气中光辉灿烂,城市与郊外的田野和天空完美地融为一体,阳光也撒在纯粹是自然状态的峡谷山陵,河水静静流淌,晨辉中像心脏一样强有力地跳动的伦敦城还沉浸在甜甜的睡梦之中。全诗每行十个音节,分五个抑扬格韵步,前八行的韵式为abba abba,后六行韵式为cdc dcd。其中后六行与弥尔顿的韵式有所不同,这是华兹华斯对押韵格式所作的变化。

华兹华斯的十四行诗《不要责备十四行诗》,既表达了诗人对十四行诗的总体评价,也是对过去写作十四行诗的诗人给予独特的评价:

Scorn not the Sonnet; Critic, you have frowned,

Mindless of its just honours; with this key

Shakespeare unlocked his heart; the melody

Of this small lute gave ease to Petrarch's wound;

A thousand times this pipe did Tasso sound;

With it Camöens soothed an exile's grief;

The Sonnet glittered a gay myrtle leaf

Amid the cypress with which Dante crowned

His visionary brow: a glow-worm lamp,

It cheered mild Spenser, called from Faery-land

To struggle through dark ways; and, when a damp

Fell round the path of Milton, in his hand

The Thing became a trumpet; whence he blew

Soul-animating strains--alas, too few!  

William Wordsworth: Scorn not the Sonnet

华兹华斯在此诗中历数西方诗坛风流人物与十四行诗的不解之缘。他写道:莎士比亚用它作为钥匙(key)开启心扉;彼特拉克以它为提琴(lute),奏出的旋律抚慰创伤;意大利文艺复兴后期诗人塔索也以之为琴,奏出同样的曲调;十六世纪葡萄牙抒情诗人卡蒙斯用它减轻流放的悲痛;它成了装饰在但丁头上一片闪光的田园叶子(leaf);它是引领斯宾塞走在黑暗路上的一盏灯(lamp),它又是弥尔顿手里的一只号角(trumpet)

全诗每行十个音节,分五个抑扬格韵步,前八行的韵式为abba abba,后六行韵式为cdc dee。其中后六行韵式与前一首又有所不同,即最后两行的押韵,类似莎士比亚体的最后两行韵式。这里又体现出华兹华斯对押韵格式所作的变化。

三.济慈

济慈从1814年到1819年的短短几年间,共写了四首十四行诗,这些诗主要抒发诗人自己的内心感受,致力于对自己情感深处的探索,其中有的诗轻松欢乐,有的沉着凝重,有的耽于哲理,有的抒发情感。这些诗主要是用彼特拉克体写成。以《欲重读〈李尔王〉》为例:

O golden-tongued Romance, with serene lute!

Fair plumed siren, queen of far-away!

Leave melodizing on this wintry day,

Shut up thine old pages, and be mute.

Adieu! For, once again, the fierce dispute

Betwixt damnation and impassiond clay

Must I burn through; once more humbly assay

The bitter-sweet of this Shakespearean fruit.

Chief Poet! And ye clouds of Albion,

Begetters of our deep eternal theme!

When through the old oak forest I am gone,

Let me not wander in a barren dream:

But, when I am consumed in the fire,

Give me new phoenix wings to fly at my desire.

John Keats: On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again

诗歌第一个四行提出要传说中地中海岛上的女妖(siren)住口,她所唱的美妙歌曲总是引诱航海者触礁毁灭。荷马史诗中,奥德修斯经过女妖所住的岛时,用蜜蜡堵住伙伴们的耳朵,并让伙伴把自己绑在桅杆上,他才听到歌声而没有被引诱,由此可见其诱惑力有多大。即便如此,济慈还是要女妖住口,因为诗人要离开,要去听更具诱惑力、更具有毁灭性的莎翁的《李尔王》。第二个四行是把莎士比亚的《李尔王》同女妖配以诗琴唱出的美妙传奇相媲美,甚至认为《李尔王》比女妖们的歌声更有诱惑力,诗人会在莎翁的诗中再次在燃烧中体会激情与毁灭的激烈斗争,再次品尝莎翁式的苦涩甘果。所以第二个四行是对前面提出要求的解释。接下来是对莎翁的赞美,称之为英格兰的云朵,深邃而永恒主题之父。最后是总结,即希望自己在燃烧之后,如凤凰再生,插上翅膀,随心所欲地翱翔。

全诗每行十个音节,分五个抑扬格韵步,前八行的韵式为abba abba,后六行韵式为cdc dee,即隔行韵与双行韵的组合,其中最后两行的押韵,类似莎士比亚体的最后两行韵式,跟华兹华斯的韵式变化相同。

第二节 莎士比亚体十四行诗的押韵格式

莎士比亚体十四行诗是在彼特拉克体的基础上发展形成的。怀亚特把十四行诗引入英国时,无论是翻译还是写作,其形式都不是单一的,有的属于彼特拉克体,有的接近后来的莎士比亚体,霍华德的部分诗歌在形式上已经完全属于后来的莎士比亚体。莎士比亚选择了在当时较为流行的形式进行创作,而他又是那个时代最伟大的戏剧家和诗人,于是就把这种形式称为莎士比亚体。

这种诗歌形式在韵律和节奏上仍然同彼特拉克体保持一致,即每行诗还是属于抑扬格五韵步,也就是说,每行十个音节,每两个音节为一个韵步,共五个韵步,重音在每个韵步的第二个音节上。

但是在诗的结构上,莎士比亚体有所不同。彼特拉克体分为两个部分,即前八行和后六行。全诗的内容从第九行出现转折,往往是前八行提出问题,后六行回答问题。莎士比亚体也分为两个部分,即三个四行诗(three quartets)构成的前十二行,一个双行诗(couplet)构成的后两行。转折点在十二行和两行之间。一般说来,前十二行提出问题,最后两行提供答案。

在押韵上,莎士比亚体是前三个四行和后一个两行分别押韵,押韵格式通常为:abab cdcd efef gg

莎士比亚一共创作了一百五十四首十四行诗,下面以编号为12的十四行诗为例:

When I do count the clock that tells the time

And see the brave day sunk in hideous night,

When I behold the violet past prime

And sable curls ensilvered oer with white,

When lofty trees I see barren of leaves,

Which erst from heat did canopy the herd

And summers green all girded up in sheaves

Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard:

Then of thy beauty do I question make

That thou among the wastes of time must go,

Since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake,

And die as fast as they see others grow;

And nothing gainst times scythe can make defence

Save breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.  

莎士比亚在这首诗中描写的主题是规劝友人生子。全诗由三个四行诗和一个双行诗构成,在内容上可将前十二行和后两行分成两个部分。前面写时间的镰刀对一切美好事物的摧残,后面写留下子嗣是唯一抵御时间镰刀的摧残的方法。第一个四行是两个时间状语从句,即看见黑夜吞噬白天,看见鲜花凋谢和黑发变白。第二个四行是另一个时间状语从句,继续前面的话题,即树叶脱落,夏苗变成麦芒被收割成捆被载上灵车。第三个四行是前面三个状语从句的主句,说明当看见前面那些东西时的感慨和原因,即为友人的美色担忧,因为一切甘美之物看见别的事物生长时都会快速死去。最后两行是转折,即要抵御时间的镰刀,抵御死亡,唯一的方法就是生子,把自己的青春和美丽存留显现在下一代身上。

从这首诗可看出,莎士比亚的十四行诗在内容上和韵式上比彼特拉克体前进了一大步。从内容上看,前十二行是一个整体,一气呵成,一个主句带三个时间状语从句和一个原因状语从句。从结构上看,最后两行对前面的问题加以解决,简洁紧凑。从押韵上看,前三个四行分别押韵,即abab cdcd efef,最后两行押gg韵。它们在押韵结构上相互独立,不发生关系,这就比此前的彼特拉克体的韵律结构灵活了许多,更加有利于诗人遣词造句,抒情写意和表达情感,更加有利于诗人的想象力和创造力的发挥。

莎士比亚还把十四行诗放在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的对话中:

Romeo[to Juliet]:

If I profane with my unworthiest hand

This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this,___

My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand

To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.

Juliet:

Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,

Which mannerly devotion shows in this;

For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch,

And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss.

Romeo:

Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too?

Juliet:

Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer.

Romeo:

O, then, dear, saint, let lips do what hands do;

They pray; grant thou, lest faith turn to despair.

Juliet:

Saints do not move, though grant for prayers sake.

Romeo:

Then move not, while my prayers effect I take.

[kissing her  

(Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Act I. Scene V)

莎士比亚在这里把十四行诗分成两人的对话,首先每人一个四行(quartet),押隔行韵,接下来的四行中,罗密欧占三行,显示罗密欧的主动,最后的双行被分成每人一行。像这样的对话十四行诗,十分罕见,可谓绝无仅有。

现当代诗人往往从各种诗体中吸取营养,将主要诗体融为一体。布鲁克写的有关战争的十四行诗《士兵》最具有代表性:

If I should die, think only this of me:

That theres some corner of a foreign field

That is for ever England. There shall be

In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;

A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,

Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,

A body of Englands, breathing English air,

Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.

And think, this heart, all evil shed away,

A pulse in the eternal mind, no less

Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;

Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;

And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,

In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.

Rupert Brooke: The Soldier, 1915

这首诗从总体上来说属于彼特拉克体,分为前8行和后6行。但前8行押韵不是彼特拉克体的abba abba形式,而是莎士比亚体的abab cdcd形式。因此,它在形式上是两种体的融合。

第三节 斯宾塞体十四行诗的押韵格式

斯宾塞的十四行诗收在《爱情小诗》中,共六十八首。他的十四行诗是在继承和发展怀亚特和霍华德引进的十四行诗的形式的基础上创立的独特诗体,与彼特拉克体和莎士比亚体并驾齐驱。

在结构上,与莎士比亚体相同,即由三个四行诗构成的前十二行和一个双行诗构成的后两行组成。在内容上以问题开头,采用讨论的方式推动诗歌的思想向前发展,连环相扣,层层推进,使诗中要表达的问题得到充分讨论和表达,问题的结论也即将到来。最后的双行轻松结束全诗。

在韵律上,还是跟彼特拉克体和莎士比亚体一样,采用五韵步抑扬格。但在押韵上则显出独特之处,其押韵格式为:abab bcbc cdcd ee,三个四行诗在押韵上相互衔接。这种形式被称为吻韵。下面以编号为1的爱情小诗为例:

Happy ye leaves when as those lilly hands,

Which hold my life in their dead doing might,

Shall handle you and hold in loves soft bands,

Lyke captives trembling at the victors sight.

And happy lines, on which with starry light,

Those lamping eyes will deigne sometimes to look

And read my sorrows of my dying spright,

Written with teares in harts close bleeding book.

And happy rymes bathd in the sacred brooke

Of Helicon whence she derivèd is,

When ye behold that Angels blessèd looke,

My soules long lackèd food, my heavens blis.

Leaves, lines and rymes, seeke her to please alone,

Whom if ye please, I care for other none.  

(Edmund Spenser: Amoretti)

这首诗的前三个四行层层递进地分别羡慕书页(leaves)、诗行(lines)和诗篇(rymes),它们都很幸运,因为诗人仰慕的情人能与它们亲密接触:她的玉手能触摸书页,她的明眸会去读用血和泪水写成的诗行中传达出来的诗人的灵魂;她还会因灵魂受到触动而在诗篇上滴下激动的泪水。从手到眼到灵魂,加上第四行和第五行、第八行和第九行在押韵上的相扣(sight / lightbook / brooke),将三个四行诗紧密连在一起,主题一步步推向高潮。最后的双行诗中的结论水到渠成。另外,第十、十一、十二行中的derivèdblessèdlackèd中的è表示这个音算一个音节,从而使这些诗行构成五韵步,具体参见下一章第三节关于音节增减部分。



Welcome To

Download !!!

欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考!

诗歌的韵律及押韵格式

相关推荐